Active Passive

 Active and Passive Voice 

 1. Simple Present Tense

Active: Subject + Verb (V1) + Object

Passive: Object + is/are + V3 + by Subject

👉 Example:

Active: The teacher teaches the students.

Passive: The students are taught by the teacher.

2. Present Continuous Tense

Active: Subject + is/am/are + V1 + ing + Object

Passive: Object + is/am/are + being + V3 + by Subject

👉 Example:

Active: She is reading a book.

Passive: A book is being read by her.

 3. Present Perfect Tense

Active: Subject + has/have + V3 + Object

Passive: Object + has/have + been + V3 + by Subject

👉 Example:

Active: They have completed the project.

Passive: The project has been completed by them.

4. Simple Past Tense

Active: Subject + V2 + Object

Passive: Object + was/were + V3 + by Subject

👉 Example:

Active: The boy ate an apple.

Passive: An apple was eaten by the boy.

 5. Past Continuous Tense

Active: Subject + was/were + V1 + ing + Object

Passive: Object + was/were + being + V3 + by Subject

👉 Example:

Active: She was writing a letter.

Passive: A letter was being written by her.

 6. Past Perfect Tense

Active: Subject + had + V3 + Object

Passive: Object + had + been + V3 + by Subject

👉 Example:

Active: They had finished the work.

Passive: The work had been finished by them.

 7. Simple Future Tense

Active: Subject + will + V1 + Object

Passive: Object + will be + V3 + by Subject

👉 Example:

Active: She will write a letter.

Passive: A letter will be written by her.

 8. Future Continuous Tense

Active: Subject + will be + V1 + ing + Object

Passive: Object + will be + being + V3 + by Subject

👉 Example:

Active: They will be building a house.

Passive: A house will be being built by them.

 ⚡ (Note: Rarely used in passive)

 9. Future Perfect Tense

Active: Subject + will have + V3 + Object

Passive: Object + will have been + V3 + by Subject

👉 Example:

Active: She will have completed the task.

Passive: The task will have been completed by her.

 10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Active: Subject + has/have been + V1 + ing + Object

Passive: (Not commonly used in passive voice)

 ⚡ Usually avoided, but can be expressed in special cases.

 11. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Active: Subject + had been + V1 + ing + Object

Passive: (Not commonly used in passive voice)

 ⚡ Generally avoided.

 12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Active: Subject + will have been + V1 + ing + Object

Passive: (Not commonly used in passive voice)

 ⚡ Generally avoided.

 Summary Table

Tense.     Active Formula.  Passive Formula.   Example P.

Simple Present

S + V1 + O

O + is/are + V3 + by S

The students are taught by the teacher.

Present Conti.

S + is/am/are + V1+ing + O

O + is/am/are + being + V3 + by S

A book is being read by her.

Present Perfect

S + has/have + V3 + O

O + has/have been + V3 + by S

The project has been completed by them.

Simple Past

S + V2 + O

O + was/were + V3 + by S

An apple was eaten by the boy.

Past Conti.

S + was/were + V1+ing + O

O + was/were + being + V3 + by S

A letter was being written by her.

Past Perfect

S + had + V3 + O

O + had been + V3 + by S

The work had been finished by them.

Simple Future

S + will + V1 + O

O + will be + V3 + by S

A letter will be written by her.

Future Conti.

S + will be + V1+ing + O

O + will be + being + V3 + by S

A house will be being built by them.

Future Perfect

S + will have + V3 + O

O + will have been + V3 + by S

The task will have been completed by her.

Present Perfect Conti.

(Not usually in Passive)

(Not used)

Past Perfect Conti.

(Not usually in Passive)

(Not used)

Future Perfect Conti.

(Not usually in Passive)

(Not used)

 

Gift of Chappals std 7 ch- 2 Honeycomb

 

PPT 

Gift of Chappals Quiz

Articles (A, An, The)

 Articles (A, An, The)

Articles are words used before a noun to show whether the noun is specific or non-specific.

There are three articles in English:

1. A
2. An
3. The

Articles are divided into two types:

Indefinite Articles - A, An 

Definite Article - The

1. Indefinite Articles: A and An

Definition:

"A" and "An" are used before singular countable nouns when we talk about something that is not specific.

A - Rule:

Use A before words that begin with a consonant sound.

Examples:

A boy is playing.

She bought a pen.

I saw a dog.

He is a teacher.

More Examples:

a book

a car

a mango

a university (because it starts with the consonant sound "yu")

An- Rule:

Use An before words that begin with a vowel sound.

Examples:

An apple is on the table.

She ate an orange.

He is an engineer.

I saw an elephant.

More Examples:

an umbrella

an hour (silent "h")

an honest man

an MLA

Important Note

Use articles according to sound, not just the first letter.

Correct:

an hour ✓

an honest person ✓

a university ✓

a European country ✓

Incorrect:

a hour ✗

an university ✗

2. Definite Article: The

Definition:

"The" is used before a specific person, thing, place, or object.

Examples:

The sun rises in the east.

The book on the table is mine.

The Taj Mahal is beautiful.

The teacher who taught us yesterday is absent.

Rules for Using "The"

1. Before Unique Things

Examples:

The sun

The moon

The earth

The sky

Sentence:

The sun gives us light.

2. Before Rivers, Seas, Oceans

Examples:

The Ganga

The Arabian Sea

The Pacific Ocean

Sentence:

The Ganga is a holy river.

3. Before Mountain Ranges

Examples:

The Himalayas

The Alps

Sentence:

The Himalayas are covered with snow.

4. Before Famous Buildings and Monuments

Examples:

The Taj Mahal

The Red Fort

Sentence:

The Taj Mahal is in Agra.

5. Before Superlative Degrees

Examples:

the best

the tallest

the most beautiful

Sentence:

Riya is the tallest girl in the class.

6. Before Musical Instruments

Examples:

the guitar

the piano

the violin

Sentence:

She plays the piano.

7. Before Ordinal Numbers

Examples:

the first

the second

the tenth

Sentence:

He came in the first position.

When No Article is Used (Zero Article)

We do not use any article before:

1. Names of People

Rahul is my friend.

Sita is singing.

2. Most Countries

India is a beautiful country.

Japan is famous for technology.

3. Languages

English is easy.

Gujarati is my mother tongue.

4. Subjects

Mathematics is interesting.

Science is important.

5. Meals

We had breakfast.

They are eating lunch.

Quick Summary

Article.                           Use.                            Example

A.              Before consonant sounds.    a boy, a pen

An.            Before vowel sounds.            an apple, an umbrella

The.          Before specific nouns.           the sun, the book

No Article

General names, languages, subjects

India, English, Science

Practice

Fill in the blanks:

I saw ___ elephant. → an

She is ___ doctor. → a

___ moon shines at night. → the

He bought ___ umbrella. → an

___ Himalayas are in India. → the

Answers: an, a, the, an, the.

https://notebooklm.google.com/notebook/eafeb42a-ec97-426b-a1c1-2a612c6b5a74/artifact/dd1e72a6-9095-445f-a1e7-61cc2fce63ea?utm_source=nlmm_share

Email Writing

 

📧 𝔼𝕞𝕒𝕚𝕝 𝕎𝕣𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕟𝕘  

Step 1: Email Address of Sender's and Receiver

Write the email address of the person you are sending the email to.

👉 Example: teacher@gmail.com

Step 2: Subject

Write a short line telling the purpose of the email.

👉 Example: Leave Application for One Day

Step 3: Greeting Start the email politely.

👉 Examples:

Dear Sir / Dear Madam

Dear Teacher

Dear Friend(or friend's name)

Step 4: Opening Sentence

Begin with a polite opening line.

👉 Example:

“I hope you are well.”

Step 5: Body of the Email

Write the main message clearly:

Reason for writing

Important details (date, time, request, information)

👉 Use simple and clear sentences.

Step 6: Closing Line

End the email politely.

👉 Examples:

Thank you.

Thank you for your time and support.

Step 7: Sign-off

Write a polite ending word.

Examples:

Yours sincerely

Yours faithfully

Regards

Step 8: Sender’s Name

Write your name and class.

✉️ Email Writing 

Date: 12/02/26

From:( Sender's Email ID)

To: (Receiver's email ID)

Subject: Leave Application for One Day

Dear Sir,

I hope you are well. I am writing this email to inform you that I will not be able to attend school on 10 February 2026 due to fever.

Kindly grant me leave for one day. I will complete my classwork after returning to school.

Thank you for your understanding.

Yours sincerely,

Rohan Mehta

Do as directed 8th standard

 1️⃣ Use “not only … but also”

Rule:

It is used to join two similar ideas.

The structure shows emphasis on both actions/qualities.

Example:

The mist conceals the hills. It blankets them in silence too.

The mist not only conceals the hills but also blankets them in silence.

2️⃣ Change the Voice (Active → Passive)

Rule:

In active voice, the subject does the action.

In passive voice, the action is done to the subject.

Use: am / is / are / was / were + past participle (V³)

Example:

I can hear him running about on the hillside.

He can be heard running about on the hillside.

3️⃣ Use “without”

Rule:

“Without” shows that something happens and another thing does NOT happen.

The verb after “without” is always in -ing form.

Example:

They sometimes contrive to go unnoticed.

They sometimes contrive to go without being noticed.

4️⃣ Turn into Affirmative

Rule:

Remove negative words like not, never, no.

Replace them with a positive meaning.

Example:

It doesn’t keep me from sleeping.

It allows me to sleep.

                 OR

It does not prevent me from sleeping → It lets me sleep.

5️⃣ Turn into a Complex Sentence

Rule:

A complex sentence has:

One main clause

One subordinate clause

Use words like which, that, who, because, when, while.

Example:

Water drips from a leaking drainpipe.

Water drips from a drainpipe which is leaking.

Message writing

 

Example 1: Message for Mother

Mother: Monil, did anyone call while I was out?

Monil: Yes, Mom. Aunt Rina called.

Mother: Oh! What did she say?

Monil: She said she will visit us tomorrow at 11 a.m.

Mother: That’s nice. Did she leave any message for me?

Monil: Yes, Mom. She asked you to call her back.

Mother: Alright, I’ll call her now. Thank you for telling me.

Monil: You’re welcome, Mom.

Situation: Your mother is not at home. Your aunt called.

Message

Date: 7 Feb 2026

Time: 4:30 p.m.

Mom,

Aunt Rina called while you were out. She said she will visit us tomorrow at 11 a.m. She asked you to call her back.

— Monil

Do as Directed std 7 English

 Change the Degree of Comparison

🔹 What is Degree of Comparison?

Adjectives have three degrees:

Positive – simple quality

old, tall, good

Comparative – compares two

 older, taller, better

Superlative – compares more than two

oldest, tallest, best

Example :

What is the oldest living thing in the world? (Change the Degree)

🔹 Changed sentence:

What is older than any other living thing in the world?

Here, superlative (oldest) is changed into comparative (older than any other).

 Meaning remains the same.

More Examples:

Superlative: This is the tallest building in the city.

Comparative: This building is taller than any other building in the city.

Superlative: She is the best student in the class.

Comparative: She is better than any other student in the class.

2️⃣ Turn into a Simple Sentence

What is a Simple Sentence?

A simple sentence has:

only one main clause

no conjunctions like and, because, when

We often use:

-ing form (present participle)

having + verb

🔹 Example:

I jumped into the Great Glass Elevator and rushed all over the world. (Turn into Simple)

🔹 Simple sentence:

Jumping into the Great Glass Elevator, I rushed all over the world.

 “Jumping” is an -ing form

Two actions are combined into one sentence

Meaning stays the same

(3) Turn into Affirmative sentence

🔹 What is an Affirmative sentence?

An affirmative sentence is a positive statement.

When a sentence has no / not / never, we remove the negative word and adjust the meaning.

📘 Example:

It was no more than an ounce or two.

✅ Affirmative:

It was only an ounce or two.

 no more than → only

✨ More Examples:

Negative: He is not a bad boy.

Affirmative: He is a good boy.

Negative: She did not fail the exam.

Affirmative: She passed the exam.

(4) Change the Voice (Passive → Active)

🔹 What is Voice?

Active voice: Subject does the action

Passive voice: Action is done to the subject

📘 Example:

It produced one tiny cupful of black liquid.

(This is already active voice)

Passive:

One tiny cupful of black liquid was produced by it.

✨ More Examples:

Active: She wrote a letter.

Passive: A letter was written by her.

Active: The cat killed the rat.

Passive: The rat was killed by the cat.

(5) Turn into Exclamatory sentence

🔹 What is an Exclamatory sentence?

It shows strong feelings like joy, surprise, excitement.

Starts with What / How and ends with !

📘 Example:

It was fantastic.

✅ Exclamatory:

How fantastic it was!

✨ More Examples:

Statement: She is very clever.

Exclamatory: How clever she is!

Statement: The scene is beautiful.

Exclamatory: What a beautiful scene it is!

(6) Use “when”

🔹 Rule:

Join two actions

Use when to show time

Remove extra words like the moment

📘 Example:

The moment he swallowed it, he began wrinkling and shrivelling up all over.

✅ Using when:

When he swallowed it, he began wrinkling and shrivelling up all over.

✨ More Examples:

He reached home. He started studying.

👉 When he reached home, he started studying.

(7) Use “as soon as”

🔹 Rule:

Shows immediate action

Often replaces and suddenly / immediately

📘 Example :

He swallowed it and suddenly became an old fellow of seventy-five.

✅ Using as soon as:

As soon as he swallowed it, he became an old fellow of seventy-five.

✨ More Examples:

She saw the snake. She ran away.

As soon as she saw the snake, she ran away.

Very Important 

Affirmative → remove no / not and make positive

Voice → object ↔ subject

Exclamatory → How / What + !

When → for time

As soon as → immediate result

7 HoneyComb Dad and the cat and the tree

 Poem: Dad and the cat and the tree

Stanza 1

“This morning a cat got stuck in our tree… Leave it to me.”

Explanation:

The poem begins with a cat that has climbed a tree and cannot come down. Dad confidently says that he will handle the problem. His words show self-confidence and pride, as he believes rescuing the cat is very easy.

Stanza 2

“The tree was wobbly… Mum said, ‘For goodness’ sake don’t fall!’

Explanation:

This stanza tells us that the tree is tall and shaky. Mum is worried and warns Dad not to fall. This shows that the situation is dangerous, unlike what Dad thinks.

Stanza 3

“‘Fall?’ scoffed Dad… ‘Child’s play, this is!’

Explanation:

Dad laughs at Mum’s warning and boasts about his climbing skills. He says the task is very easy for him. This stanza highlights Dad’s overconfidence, which creates humour.

Stanza 4

“He got out the ladder… He landed in the flower bed.”

Explanation:

Dad brings a ladder from the garden shed to climb the tree. However, the ladder slips and Dad falls into the flower bed. This proves that Dad’s confidence was misplaced, and the rescue attempt fails.

Stanza 5 :

“Never mind,” said Dad,

Brushing the dirt

Off his hair and his face

And his trousers and his shirt,

Explanation:

Dad pretends that nothing serious has happened after falling into the flower bed. He dusts off the dirt from his clothes and body. This shows his pride—he does not want to admit failure or accept that he was careless.

Stanza 6

“We’ll try Plan B. Stand

Out of the way!”

Mum said, “Don’t fall

Again, O.K.?”

Explanation:

Dad decides to try another method (Plan B) and asks everyone to move aside. Mum is worried and warns him not to fall again. This shows Mum’s concern and sensible nature, in contrast to Dad’s confidence.

Stanza 7

“Fall again?” said Dad.

“Funny joke!”

Then he swung himself up

On a branch. It broke.

Explanation:

Dad laughs at Mum’s warning and makes fun of it. He climbs onto a tree branch confidently, but the branch breaks. This stanza clearly shows Dad’s overconfidence and foolishness, creating humour.

Stanza 8

Dad landed wallop

Back on the deck.

Mum said, “Stop it,

You’ll break your neck!”

Explanation:

Dad falls heavily onto the wooden deck. Mum scolds him and warns that he may seriously injure himself. This stanza highlights the danger of Dad’s actions and Mum’s fear for his safety.

Stanza 9

“Rubbish!” said Dad.

“Now we’ll try Plan C.

Easy as winking

To a climber like me!”

Explanation:

Dad angrily dismisses Mum’s warning and announces yet another plan (Plan C). He again boasts about his climbing ability. This reinforces the poem’s main idea—excessive confidence leads to repeated failure.

Stanza 10

“Then he climbed up high

On the garden wall.

Guess what?

He didn’t fall!”

Explanation:

The father climbs up the garden wall. Everyone expects him to fall, but surprisingly, he does not fall. This creates suspense and adds humour to the poem.

Stanza 11

“He gave a great leap

And he landed flat

In the crook of the tree-trunk —

Right on the cat!”

Explanation:

The father jumps from the wall and lands in the fork (crook) of a tree. Unfortunately, he lands directly on the cat that was sitting there. This is a funny and unexpected situation.

Stanza 12

“The cat gave a yell

And sprang to the ground,

Pleased as Punch to be

Safe and sound.”

Explanation:

The cat cries out loudly because of the sudden landing. It quickly jumps down to the ground. The cat feels very happy and relieved to escape without getting hurt.

Stanza 13

“So it’s smiling and smirking,

Smug as can be,

But poor old Dad’s

Still

Stuck

Up

The

Tree!”

Explanation:

The cat is now smiling proudly and looks very pleased with itself. However, the father is not so lucky. He is still stuck up in the tree and cannot come down. The po

em ends humorously, showing the contrast between the cat’s clever escape and the father’s awkward situation.