Greek and Shakespearean Tragedy

Paper No. - 1

Renaissance literature 

Name :- Dharti makwana 

Batch :- 2019-2021

Semester :- M.A. Sem-1

Roll No. :- 7

Enrollment No. :- 2069108420200024 

Submitted  :- Smt. S.B. Gardi Department of English, M.K.Bhavnagar University 

Email :- dharteemakwana789@gmail.com 

Paper No. :- Renaissance Literature

Topic :- Greek and Shakespearean Tragedy

■ Greek and Shakespearean Tragedy 

The word 'Tragedy' uses to describe the tragic phenomenal and when any drama has a tragic end at that time also it appear as tragedy and the many protagonists suffer a lot end dies at the end of the drama then drama called 'Tragedy'.

Although, always the discussion of the tragedy started with the idea or the definition of the tragedy and it was defined as a proper serious and the complete action that happened in drama with specific length. There are some rules that followed in tragedy.  The express with the beautiful dialogue that represent the characters personality and nature then that written in acts and also not narrated by characters but it performed in act. It gives pity and fear, catharsis, purgation and purification that all are elements provide light to tragedy.

 Tragedy is a form of literature and it is found in the play so it is an art of telling story. The plot is a soul of tragedy and find man's life on the earth.  How is it going on with pity suffering and happiness in the tragedy the life of human being depicts some idea about true picture of human beings through tragic dramatic actions. 

If it perform on the stage that should have artistic duty which reflect through  the dramatist. Tragedy employes the idea of nobility which particular instrument of relief.  whether tragedy have an impression of particular scene that always ends with unhappy scene. The tragic hero who has extraordinary nature and has not a Supernatural and superpower character only because of that leads to a tragic end. He represents the tragic phenomenon and human nature that reflect in society. 

What is tragedy

"A Play dealing with tragic events and having an unhappy ending,  especially one concerning the downfall of the main character."

In Aristotle's poetic tragedy has been uses with distinct genre. It has a serious action and limitation of length and beautiful way of direction with emotions and danger pity also are involved in Play. 

Types of tragedy

Here are given the types of tragedy are different from one and another that differentiated the main concept of the play and some phenomenon and actions are used in a different way that make innovative play. So the play quite something that probably differentiate the humour satire in grammatical way that we find in various kind of way. The rules and instructions of play that always change with the time because it depends upon the changes in the society. The types of treasury As given below

Greek tragedy 

Greek tragedy also called ancient tragedy.In we find the from the modern tragedy because its follow the classical rules.

Definition of Tragedy 

" no one is quite sure where the concept of geometric treasury first Karen from but it probably had something to do with ancient Greek celebrations in honor of Dionysius  and goats, hence why it's usually known as Greek tragedy"

Greek tragedy mostly began with a  Prologue, where a scenes and corals used to make comment on the Play. The Coral made with a group of people

Origin of Greek Tragedy 

In Greek tragedy developed from the ancient or a choral lyrics, which was sung by male chorus in honor of God and performance in the group dance and some brief dialogues. It had formal artistic way to expand the legendary tradition and corners along small complicated stories.

Plot

The story revolves with almost mythology and occasionally in 'The Persians of Aeschylus'. It draws upon contemporary theme. Ancient myths and legends come from Bible spectacle aware about story the purpose of to express the meaning of life. Even today it makes an impression on drama. 

The chorus 

The chorus has main and Central place in the drama at classical time. It is not possible to perform without chorus, performance is ideals with spectator and clarifies the idea of character in the suppliers of Aeschylus. 

The chorus was itself in the main figure how it creates psychological and emotional background establish the significance of individual lives for that perform in dramatic rain and also chorus is an important part of drama.

 It plays the role between the specific event and also the end of the action.It filled the blank between two scenes and the action.

 Greek tragedy chorus played Vital role and various kind of roles because it performed in typical kind of performance with themes in the 15th century. Divided into semi chorus and it just not only perform but with performance. It obtain the group song sometimes it also make small comments and give charm to the play.

Structure 

The structure composed in within the Framework it occasionally and traditionally performed without breaking the main events or elements of Greek tragedy. Their Is role of structure is important because without well structured any play never make any sense.

 In structure included so many elements like Prologue, paradox, Episode, stasimon, Exodos it should be in the play if it is not in the tragedy than not good tragedy. That is given below

Elements of Greek Tragedy

Prologue	It comes in the opening scene of the play and it describes the background of the story by one or two actors.
Paradox	It about the chorus, it plays the stenting lyrics that connected with the main theme of play.
Episode	The play divided in act or episode on the place of actor, perform minor or major.
Stasimon	It is odd it comes at the end of episode, measured between these two elements.
Exodos	It called last and final action it end with the all the players with ceremonial exist.

The Mask

The role of masks in Greek tragedy it is huge  and powerful. Make a powerful and spiritual to obtain the real attitude of character mask uses in the performance of characters like a woman, God, ghosts, animals, great kings and evil spirit etc. In theatre all individual mass and all the action and performance that connected with the mask some specific idea that derived in tragedy through mask.

Shakespearean Tragedy

When the discussion on tragedy is going on at that time, we have the question what is shakespearean tragedy?  so, to understand the shakespearean tragedy we have to focus on features of various play by Shakespeare and the main concept of tragedy.

 Shakespearean tragedy is different from the Greek tragedy because Shakespeare never follow the Greek rules he wrote in his own way first of all we have to know about Shakespeare because he was prominent literary figure of Renaissance time so obviously it makes an impact on his work the term of shakespearean tragedy. It is marked by Shakespeare himself. It is a different style in writing that that make different impact from other play that distinguish the idea of Greek tragedy.

Definition 

The  element and definition of shakespearean tragedy below

"A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude,complete in itself; in appropriate and pleasurable language; in a dramatic rather than narrative form; with incidents arousing pity and fear, where with to accomplish a catharsis of these emotions."

Shakespearean tragedy it is some specific elements like in work the main protagonist live his life with sadness and at the ending. Hero maybe dies and suffers a lot and emotionally destroyed and also all the additional elements are included in character of protagonist. 

So, let's discuss some of  the elements of shakespearean tragedy as well as how it explore with different identities.

The Tragic hero 

In tragedy of Shakespeare that we find the hero who has a tragic end. it is a significant character and the hero of the play called tragic hero also sometimes belongs to the lower class family and not any Prince for king. In the tragedy the main protagonist maybe female or a male and there were suffer a lot because of his downfall and meaningless decisions.

The important feature of tragedy in he or she connected with the kingdom and he or she tries to get power and royalty main critical situation.

The mainly found tragic Hero are king Prince princess and military general that subject usually found in Shakespeare's tragedy. The tragic flaw of the character started because of his ambition and when he goes beyond human capability. Some examples of tragic Hero like Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear, Romeo etc.

Good vs Evil

The good versus Evil this idea mostly found in Shakespeare's tragedy the main character or some other mind and character also suffer a lot and deals with the evil spirit and also Shakespeare tries to put the evil spirit and spirituality in existence. Always good defeats the bad evil spirit and goodness always overcome evil spirit in  the play Hamlet where the character of King Hamlet as a ghost that represent the existence of evil spirit in the tragedy.

Hamartia 

The word hemisphere is come from the Greek word scene for error that we mostly found in the Tragedy of Shakespeare it is comes only because of the downfall of tragic Hero and some extensions represent of protagonist absolutely element of shakespearean tragedy clips the main character to the death and down fall

Conflict 

The conflict mostly be fine in the play of Shakespeare because there were we find the two types of conflict  first external conflict and internal conflict, external conflict through raised internal conflict. In Hamlet these two types of conflict take place when Hamlet tries to kill his uncle Claudius but because of circumstances though he has not been able to do and what is going on in his mind that is not able to put in action so that at the moment eternal conflict raised.

Catharsis 

Catharsis is prominent prominent feature of Shakespeare's tragedy because it is used to cleansing emotions of audience. True catharsis purification and propagation that happened and sometimes it and Fiat come outs because of some tragic actions and audience find Main character.

Conclusion 

In short, the tragedy is the form of literature so it  define the two types of tragedy Greek and shakespearean tragedy both are different from the one in another . so many phenomenon and literary features that define the different kinds of human nature and ideas that present in the tragedy. 

which we find in a Greek tragedy and shakespearean tragedy but some kind of element that differentiated the tragedy. After the long this question we find the difference between British and shakespearean tragedy. There were so many elements like catharsis and hamartia that we find in a shakespearean tragedy and also in Shakespeare's tragedy there were no use of three unities of like Unity of action, Unity of time and Unity of place.

Aurobindo's views on Education

Paper No. - 4

Indian  writing in English
( pre independence )

Name :- Dharti makwana 

Batch :- 2019-2021

Semester :- M.A. Sem-1

Roll No. :- 7

Enrollment No. :- 2069108420200024 

Submitte:- Smt. S.B.Gardi Department of English, M.K.Bhavnagar University 

Email:-dharteemakwana789@gmail.com 

Paper No. :-  Indian writing in English 

Topic :- Aurobindo's views Education

  Preface 

Sri Aurobindo lived his life on the basis of idealistic philosophy and he give the concept of education. He acquires philosophical education and purpose of education not only to get information but acquire various kinds of information with the concept of philosophy.  

He believes that education is the only feature that builds mind in spirituality of human beings and also considered about importance of education and have to build soul of India as a central idea. Always Aurobindo's intellectual analyse and criticized by people. The education is must be given every one and also with philosophy and he gives some more importance to philosophical education. On the other hand we find in the present education system that is totally different from the Aurobindo Ghosh views on education system. sometimes students are not getting the education is usually with quality and and also like the quality of education is most important for the student. 

Nowadays education system also is like a corrupt only for the money is important and on the basis of price everyone should get an education because if anyone wants to get an education then they have to pay much price. There were no any idea or concept of philosophy and the importance of knowledge. of course, on the other side education system is also developed with the use of technology and some features that students use on the basis of Internet and that give some more opportunities to learn from own self. There were no any boundary to escape and also we get education with quality and that differentiate the idea of Limited knowledge.

About Aurobindo

                     

Sri Aurobindo was born in 15 August 1872 in Kolkata.The age of only seven year at that time he went to England for education at St Paul's School London and after King's College Cambridge. After completing his studies he returned to India in 1893.

After started work at princely state of Baroda in the service of the Maharaja and also doing job as a professor in Baroda college. who also supported to Revolutionary Indian freedom movement India at the time of partition of Bengali. Aurobindo quite job at Baroda and send himself in Kolkata. Where he became leader of Nationalist movement. Aurobindo was the first leader as the political leader openly he put forward the idea of complete Independence for the country. 

 So it reflect in news paper Bandeya Matram he passes his several days in spiritual realisation in 1908.He began practice of Yoga in 1905 at Baroda he devoted himself to the inner spiritual life and work in Pondicherry method and it is called integral yoga with the aim of spiritual realisation. He founded Sri Aurobindo Ashram and left his body on December 5 in 1950.

Aurobindo's views on Education 

“The supreme truths are neither the rigid conclusions of logical reasoning nor the affirmations of creedal statement, but the fruits of the soul’s inner experience.”

- Sri Aurobindo

Purpose of Education 

Aurobindo believes that education should be given in accordance and needs of modern life. So the purpose of education should be completed. Probably how to get an education in accordance with the complexity of life through philosophy. Every person creates dynamic citizens, that means not just only of fun subject knowledge but it provides vast significance of knowledge. 

Physical development is important because it represents the holiness of nature and physical development is also important without which is not possible mentally development of education. Second aim of education is to perfectly trains the consensus  like testing, hearing, smelling, listening, reading and speaking. Hence through the education parity sense achieve before development of any sense. So the Manas,nerve,chitta that is developed. 

The third and main purpose of education is to develop the mind of child according capability then developed mental faculties like thinking namely reasoning imagenation discrimination death all are included in mental faculties that all are included in senses it provides high spiritual knowledge with philosophy and  morality is also the aim of education. 

So the without molarity education it cannot be successful because without morality of education its harmful for the children, and always the teacher should be a role model for the children that true they get the sense of education. The development census according to capabilities.

Carticulam Transcription 

Aurobindo suggest that the free environment for the child is important because development of mental faculties and talent,  maximum children aware about those activities. 

Which give the educational expression and Aurobindo suggested that activities are Express the Talent which is introduced to the child. That  gives it to develop creative mind and activity. Aurobindo tries to Infuse the new file and spirituality that develops the superhuman could become the possible.

• Give the curriculum that should be child like and find interesting things.
• Should include those subject matter through the child promote the mental and spiritual thinking.
• It should be motivated to child and gives the knowledge and attention to the world.

•  It should be based on the content and it should be a creative.

Different stages of Education based on  curriculum

• According to Aurobindo mother tongue, English, French, literature, national history, art, painting, general, science, social studies and arithmetic that all are primary steps should be taught at primary stage.

• Mother tongue, physics, literature,  psychology, Social Studies, French literature that should be taught at the secondary stage.

• Indian and western philosophy, historical, civilization physics, psychology, sociology, French, English that should be taught at university level.

• Art painting, nursing, Electronic Engineering mechanical, architecture, sculpture, drawing should be taught at vocational level

Principle of Good teaching 

Aurobindo infuse some certain principles of good teaching that we have to remember and when actually the process of learning is going on at that time have to kept in mind. From the point of view of Aurobindo that he considered that the real learning process of education 'that nothing can be taught'. 

The role of a teacher is not taskmaster but he is a helper and guide.The role of teacher is just to suggest not to impose. Teacher does not actually trains the mind of students but hi habits to develop instrument of knowledge and suggest them. Teacher only shows where they are lies and with they right.

Views on school 

Aurobindo applies philosophy in education at the level of school and he says that which kind of education provides to students at school level. so, He said that to modify the education system and maximizing and modify the modalities and provides free space to spread the wings of knowledge and try to do it. At that time they have opportunities to discover the thoughts and Idea the system of education at school level seen as an anti-thesis of imposed uniformity.  Everyone have to link that what they taught to the child under the Colonial rule. 

In contrast the present education system and the process is totally different from the idea or aims of education as to thought and teach with philosophy and morality. Student has the opportunity to learn beyond from the books and Limited ideas because the development of technology.

 This era of Information and instrument that helps a lot in learning the schools are focuses on the competition. In which the child or student are capable and in which subject matter they have a mastery in that way they develop themselves. In which subject they have a mastery in that they get a better grades get better opportunities to Welfare and grows. 

This is not exclusive two Indian phenomenon but in the world education system is largely development and reductionist and materialistic ego that divided the spirit and joy. There is contrast how to examine and restriction the traditional seek ideas in India.  That has to change and to change the correct human perspective for alternative learning process in involve children in the process and focus on the growth of the education system.

Discipline 

Children should provide free environment so that they are getting more and more knowledge and from  they get more opportunity to gain something from the efforts. According to him any kind of imposes and restrictions that make disturbance in the learning process of students. Sometimes it rules and regulations that make disturbance in the growth of the child. So first of all, everyone has to understand the feeling and curiosity of children and tries to help in that way so they get guidance about that subject.

Conclusion 

At last ,Aurobindo's ideas about the education system is welfare that reflects in his thinking as a philosophy and morality that should be in an education system. Whereas many rules and restrictions about learning and also traditional rules of School have to change.

 He considered so many times for different stages of education level as primary level,  secondary level, High Secondary Level, university level and vocational stages the overall idea of education that he covers in his thinking on that basis of knowledge. 

We get the  idea that why he gave  an infusion about Indian education system because he has experience as teachers. so they know very well how to treat the student and at which level they have to give the free environment to learn for a child and there were differentiate the idea of education.  In which way teacher how to treat the students and how to get the guidance and the right way to help in spreading the wings of knowledge.

Rang Mohan - Youth Festival 2019

Hello readers, 

                                             Welcome to my blog. I  write this  blog  on the 29th Rang Mohan Youth Festival 2019 organized at Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University hosted by Department of Sports. 

    

                        Of course, Three days of Youth Festival was really a great day  because so many students represent different abilities and skills whatever they have. It provides best place where students express themselves with their art and also other students were not participated they also learn a lot.

     

                There were various kinds of themes with competition of mime, mono act, one act play, skit,Western group song , folk song, installation, poster making etc.

■ kalayatra  :- 

                    In kalayatra there were so many colleges participated with the different themes. As given below

  

♧ Shamaldas Arts college presented  with the       theme of  " WHERE I AM" 

♧ K.P.S.College and M.J. College presented             Devine journey of Mahatma Gandhi 

♧ Swami Sahjanand college " MY LIFE IS MY MESSAGE" 

♧M.B.A. Department theme of "NEW INDIA,        MY DREAM INDIA"

                         

Thinking Activity : paradise lost

                                                                                   Hello readers, 

     Welcome to my blog. I write this blog as given task as thinking activity  on paradise lost, in book 4 God paradisical bliss to man and woman, instead of present the fall of their (Eve-Adam) in book 9. After that  God commands Adam to bring into the World of sin,misery and death.

■ what is your understanding of human perspective and divine perspective.

                    Here the paradise lost as a epic poem  by Johan Milton it reflected the curious kind of thing that represents the social-cultural life of renaissance. If we applied human perspective in the paradise lost then both character Eve-Adam has own perspective and ambition of the knowledge.

                    Although, Genesis from Bible is in God at the centre. The earth and heaven created God and everything like as God created and also human beings as Eve and Adam.

                    God given each and every thing to live life to them but only one thing that remains to not to do yet they done. Is that God doesn't give allowances to eat the fruit of 'Tree of Knowledge' if doesn't wants to Adam and Eve eat that fruit than why should  put that tree and not allowed to eat.

          

                  From the divine perspective God has  divine  power that  means God  has  no importance of human and  believes that human beings are creatures  as usually  all  are  on  the  earth.  The  seduce  of  satan to eat fruit, as said that  it  give the  conceit  to how to live  life. After that Eve eat that fruit of  knowledge. 

                    In way of human perspective the sence of eat fruit it points out the curious mind and hunger of knowledge of human beings. God created them and also has desire to controlled them. Yet every exist have liberty and feelings for existence. If they eat a fruit against of rules of god  but other hand from human perspective they were right, somewhere God not given Justice and do right with human beings.

                 As divine created Eve and  Adam, serpent and god punished them as they done any cruel crime and do contrary from rules.


■  How do you read the character of Eve as Transgresser and defendable ? 

                        

                The character of Eve in paradise lost portrayed as she strive for equality and freedom but transgresser. Because Eve believed in the what satan said to her as in the body of serpent. 

             Therefore as usual nature of human she ready to eat that fruit of knowledge. Eve go against of god has given punishment them not only Eve but every human beings and said that 

"I will greatly multiply your

 pain in childbearing;

 in pain you shall bring 

forth children, 

yet your desire shall be

 for your husband,

 and he shall 

rule over you." (God)

                    In the other hand when Eve's character is defendable than it reflects 
the woman nature how she is curious about to know more and to become a god to eat that fruit only because of that she has power of language and logically argues with the Adam and finally Adam convinced by her. The condition of is Eve as If anyone have golden chance then how they delay with that. So act done by is in fever of human perspective so it is right at her place and condition mind.
                 

Thank you..

      

        

Thinking Activity on wordsworth and coleridge

 ■ write brief  note  on the view of    wordsworth and coleridge on        poem.

● Lyrical Ballads :-

         

         "Lyrical Ballads" is the collection of poem, is written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

● Wordsworth's view on poem:- 

      Wordsworth come from Romanticism age and he asserted subjective form of poem, would concern with the language  of common people, human nature and relationships. 

    

       He given statement on his poetry as

"Poetry is the spontaneous 

overflow  

of powerful feelings"

 In this sentence would be suggests that poetry would not written without internal feelings and temperament of the poet. His poetic composition depicts upon experiences and poetic delights.

• Wordsworth's statement on the 
  Poetic diction:- 

♧ In the poetry language should not be            use as really common people uses but          have to depicts some selected words            and refined language in poem. 

♧ provide colour of Imagination to                  language that employed by certain                people that belongs to different states or      places. 

♧ If properly selected words or language        should not be in poetry than it gives              rough framwork to the poem and if poet      has his own imagination, it would be            provide powerful poetry composition. 

● Coleridge's view on poem:- 

                     Coleridge distinguished idea of poem and poetry he used objective form in his poem. Coleridge elaborate the idea of product of Imagination as objects of life and nature, it is real but far from the poets experience,

                           it should be judgemental and   contain    quality   of   poetry.   In representation of poetry coleridge views some were away from the wordsworth and  also  used   philosophical  terms  in poetry. 

                         Coleridge focused on the difference between poem and poetry as he put the many questions regarding the nature and function of poetry and metre played a vital role in the composition of poetry.
          
                  Because of that he put the some applicable ideas of artistic, philosophical and   psychological   concepts   in   poems. The  purpose  of  poetry  should  be  given immediate pleasure to reader and because without pleasure it not make any sense as for readers. 


● poetry of wordsworth :-

             "My Heart Leaps Up" is also famous with another name " The Rainbow". In this poem find the subject as beauty of natural elements and the Wordsworth's connection with the nature throughout in his life. 

August : Religious and patriotism

Hello reader,

        This blog is about the month of August as full of the various types of religious and patriotic festivals. Because mostly festivals are comes in this month like Janmashtami, Bakri - Eid, Independence Day, Rakshabandhan etc. In this month India became independent and people were passed through the critical situations circumstance.

■ In Defense of Freedom: A film by       Nandita Das 

 Asaadat Hasan Manto -  played  -     

      Saadat Hasan manto was an Indian- Pakistani writer hein this video his role played by Nawazuddin Siddiqui. His book was banned many times.

      Always people denies the fact of the life and society and doesn't wants to see the real image of the world. Here he wants to explain that we should write about current trends, but people don't accepted harsh reality. We should aware about what happens in the world and what is reality. He said  that 

"मेरी कहानी एक आईना है जिस में समाज 

अपने आपको देख सके अगर कीसी बुरी  

सूरत वाले को आईने से ही शिकायत है तो 

उसमें मेरा क्या कसूर है ।"

■ This Bloody Line - A film by Ram Madhvani 

    This is about the partition of India and Pakistan at the time of 1947, the people were killed and separated from the native places and further from the family.

   

Purpose by T.P. kailasam

   
Hello,

     This blog on the "purpose" by T.P. kailasam as the task given by vaidehi ma'm. It is based on the story of Eklavya and how he learned art of archery. So for more reading click here to view another blog by ma'm.


■ About Author :-

T.P kailasam 

                       He was born in 1884 and died in 1946. He was a versatile genius who wrote plays in kannada and English and influenced by modern English plays, when studying in England, some of the works that is very famous and works are given below 

■ Question-1

compare and contrast Arjuna and Eklavya's character.

♧ Arjuna is the prince and son of                       Bheeshma and belongs to cast of                   kshatriya.

♧ Eklavya is the son of Nishadh and he             belongs to lower cast. 

♧ Arjuna's Desire of being great archer of       the world and it represent the                         selflessness. 

♧ Eklavya wants to become great archer        because  to save the life of animals.

♧ Arjuna learned archery by Guru Drona 
     because he hire for to learn archery             only Kshatriya. 

♧ He learned the archery through                     himself, because Guru Drona refuses to       teach archery lower cast people. 

                     Both are very spiritual to learn archery  but the conditions are different, further thing is that time cast systems are powerful. Yet Eklavya's strong decision that make him a great archer.

■ Question-2 
What is subaltern ? Who do you think is the subaltern in this play ? Explain with examples. 


● what is subaltern :-

        "A subaltern is someone with a low ranking in a social, political, or other hierarchy. It can also mean someone who has been marginalized or oppressed ".